Friday 14 February, 2020

Time Zone: EST/Eastern Time (US & Canada)
2:00 PM
2:00 PM
Azul 50 minutes 2:00 PM  -  2:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
GamingFree
Coming in 2020: Books and Media You Gotta See! 50 minutes 2:00 PM  -  2:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Participant Silvia Moreno-Garcia | Moderator Daniel Kimmel (PURE CORE PERSONAL TRAINING) | Participant Kwame Mbalia | Participant Erin Underwood (Boskone 58)
Panel
LiteratureScience FictionFantasyBusiness of WritingFree
Dragon's Lair Closed Until 6 pm 50 minutes 2:00 PM  -  2:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Children - DragonsLair
Children
Marvelous Magical Systems 50 minutes 2:00 PM  -  2:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Participant Gerald L. Coleman | Participant Liz Delton | Moderator Tonia Ransom (NIGHTLIGHT Podcast) | Participant Clea Simon | Participant Mike Squatrito (Association of Rhode Island Authors)
Panel
FantasyWritingFree
3:00 PM
3:00 PM
Lost Cities (card game) 50 minutes 3:00 PM  -  3:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
GamingFree
Dragon's Lair Closed Until 6 pm 50 minutes 3:00 PM  -  3:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Children - DragonsLair
Children
Science in Comics 50 minutes 3:00 PM  -  3:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Moderator Paul Di Filippo | Participant Josh Dahl (MakeBetterComics.com) | Participant David Ritter (First Fandom Experience)
Panel
ComicsScience & TechnologyFree
Memorable Minor Characters 50 minutes 3:00 PM  -  3:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Moderator Faye Ringel | Participant Walter Jon Williams (Word Domination) | Participant F. Brett Cox (Norwich University) | Participant Diana Rowland
Panel
LiteratureWritingFree
Turning Tropes Upside Down 50 minutes 3:00 PM  -  3:50 PM  |  Harbor I
Moderator Kaitlin Nichols | Participant Ellen Asher | Participant Sarah Jean Horwitz | Participant David Marshall | Participant Greer Gilman
Panel
LiteratureWritingFree
3:30 PM
3:30 PM
Welcome to Boskone (I) 50 minutes 3:30 PM  -  4:20 PM  |  Independence
Participant Laurie Mann | Participant Brenda Noiseux (Almost a Game)
Docent Tour
BoskoneFandomFree
4:00 PM
4:00 PM
Reading: Leigh Perry 25 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:25 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Leigh Perry
Reading
Free
Fandom 2.0: Being a Good Fan 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Marina 3
Participant Gerald L. Coleman | Participant Charlaine Harris | Participant Ginjer Buchanan | Participant Erin Underwood (Boskone 58)
Panel
FandomFree
The Legacy of Isaac Asimov 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Participant Allen M. Steele | Participant Ellen Asher | Participant Lizzie Crowe (Cheshire Moon) | Participant James Patrick Kelly (writer)
Panel
Science FictionLizzie CroweGuestLiteratureFree
From Anime to Live Action 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Marina 4
Participant Brianna Wu | Participant John P. Murphy | Participant Kaitlin Nichols | Moderator R.W.W. Greene Participant Gillian Daniels |
Panel
AnimeMedia/Film/TVFree
Dragon's Lair Closed Until 6 pm 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Children - DragonsLair
Children
Are Superheroes Dying? 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Harbor I
Moderator Josh Dahl (MakeBetterComics.com) | Participant Auston Habershaw | Participant John Langan | Participant Jim Infantino (Jim's Big Ego)
Panel
FantasySocial IssuesFreeComics
25 Years of Toy Story (1995) 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Marina 2
Participant Daniel Kimmel (PURE CORE PERSONAL TRAINING) | Participant Victoria Sandbrook | Moderator Isadora Deese
Panel
ChildrenMedia/Film/TVFree
The Role of Supernatural Animals 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  4:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Moderator Julie C. Day | Participant Tonia Ransom (NIGHTLIGHT Podcast) | Participant Clea Simon | Participant Lisa Hertel (The Cogitation Zone)
Panel
FantasyWritingLiteratureFree
Castles of Burgundy 1 hour 50 minutes 4:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
GamingFree
Flash Gordon (1980) 1 hour 59 minutes 4:00 PM  -  5:59 PM  |  Carlton
Film/TV/Media
4:30 PM
4:30 PM
Reading: Suzanne Palmer 25 minutes 4:30 PM  -  4:55 PM  |  Griffin
Reading
Free
Reading: Robert V.S. Redick 25 minutes 4:30 PM  -  4:55 PM  |  Independence
Participant Robert V.S. Redick
Reading
Free
5:00 PM
5:00 PM
Reading: Steven Popkes 25 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:25 PM  |  Independence
Participant Steven Popkes
Reading
Free
Journalism in Speculative Fiction 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Marina 2
Participant Darlene Marshall | Moderator Clea Simon | Participant Dan Moren | Participant Daniel P. Dern
Panel
LiteratureNonfictionWritingBusiness of WritingFree
Plotting: The Dark Art 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Griffin
Participant James Patrick Kelly (writer)
Solo Talk
WritingBusiness of WritingFree
Dragon's Lair Closed Until 6 pm 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Children - DragonsLair
Children
Will the Walking Dead Ever Die? 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Marina 4
Moderator Pete Hollmer | Participant Suzanne Reynolds-Alpert | Participant Christine Taylor-Butler | Participant David Anthony Durham
Panel
HorrorMedia/Film/TVFree
Young Adult Fiction Guest Interview: Holly Black 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Harbor I
Participant Holly Black | Participant Kelly Link
Interview
GuestYoung AdultHolly BlackFree
Reviving Printed Short Fiction 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Participant Jeffrey Ford | Participant Theodora Goss | Moderator Julia Rios (Mermaids Monthly) | Participant Patrick Nielsen Hayden (Tor Books)
Panel
WritingBusiness of WritingLiteratureFree
The Varieties of Punk in Spec Fic 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Marina 3
Moderator Bracken MacLeod | Participant Grady Hendrix | Participant Christopher Irvin | Participant Faye Ringel | Participant Victoria Sandbrook
Panel
WritingScience FictionFantasyFree
Worldbuilding Within Epic Fantasy at the Dawn of a Modern Age 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Marina 1
Moderator E. C. Ambrose | Participant David B. Coe/ D.B. Jackson | Participant Debra Doyle | Participant Melissa Caruso | Participant Christopher Paniccia (Gridiron Publishing)
Panel
FantasyWritingFree
Remembering the Star Trek Aliens 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Moderator M. C. DeMarco | Participant Kenneth Schneyer (Johnson & Wales University) | Participant David Marshall | Participant Brianna Wu | Participant Jennifer Pelland
Panel
Science FictionMedia/Film/TVFree
New Game Demo: Space Chase 50 minutes 5:00 PM  -  5:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Participant Brenda Noiseux (Almost a Game)
Demonstration
GamingFree
5:30 PM
5:30 PM
Reading: R.W.W Greene 25 minutes 5:30 PM  -  5:55 PM  |  Independence
Participant R.W.W. Greene
Reading
Free
6:00 PM
6:00 PM
Reading; Walter Jon Williams 25 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:25 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Walter Jon Williams (Word Domination)
Reading
Reading: Sarah Jean Horwitz 25 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:25 PM  |  Independence
Participant Sarah Jean Horwitz
Reading
Kaffeeklatsch: Errick Nunnally 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Galleria - Kaffeeklatsch 1
Participant Errick Nunnally
Kaffeeklatsch
Fashion in Fantasy Worlds 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Marina 3
Moderator Janice Gelb | Participant Melissa Caruso | Participant Clarence Young (Obsidian Sky Books) | Participant Nightwing Whitehead | Participant Sarah Morrison
Panel
WritingNonfictionFantasyArt
Weird Westerns and Why We Love 'Em 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Marina 2
Participant Darlene Marshall | Participant Nicole Givens Kurtz (Mocha Memoirs Press) | Participant Charlaine Harris | Participant Laurence Raphael Brothers | Moderator David B. Coe/ D.B. Jackson
Panel
LiteratureWritingFantasyScience Fiction
Understanding the Future Through Hard Science Fiction 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Marina 1
Moderator Vincent Docherty | Participant Frank Wu (Everywhere and Yet Nowhere) | Participant Martin Elvis (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) | Participant Jon Singer | Participant Michael Swanwick
Panel
Science FictionScience & TechnologyJon SingerGuest
Great Website Designs & A Special Boskone Reveal 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Participant Deena Warner (Deena Warner Design) | Participant Matthew Warner (Deena Warner Design LLC) | Moderator Erin Underwood (Boskone 58) | Participant Melanie Meadors | Participant David Marshall
Panel
BoskoneWritingBusiness of Writing
New Faces in Speculative Art 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Moderator Joseph Siclari (FANAC Fan History Project) | Participant Jonathan Hunt | Participant Reiko Murakami | Participant Jim Burns
Panel
ArtJim BurnsGuest
Pirate Songs 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Lewis
Participant Jeff Keller | Participant Eric Coleman (Cheshire Moon) | Participant April Grant
Filk / Music
Eric ColemanFilkGuestSusan Weiner
Story Worlds Just for Kids 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Marina 4
Participant Christine Taylor-Butler | Participant Holly Black | Participant Steve Berman | Moderator Michael Stearns (Upstart Crow Literary)
Panel
ChildrenYoung AdultScience FictionLiteratureFantasyGuestHolly Black
The Consequences of Actually Finding Life on Mars 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Harbor I
Moderator Mark Olson | Participant Kim Stanley Robinson | Participant Jonathan McDowell (Center for Astrophysics) | Participant Alexander Jablokov
Panel
Science & TechnologyGuestKim Stanley Robinson
How to Draw (Fantasy) World Maps 50 minutes 6:00 PM  -  6:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Participant Cat Scully (The Deep End Games)
Children - DragonsLair
ChildrenArt
Ticket to Ride: USA 1910 Expansion 1 hour 25 minutes 6:00 PM  -  7:25 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
Gaming
The Spiderwick Chronicles 1 hour 44 minutes 6:00 PM  -  7:44 PM  |  Carlton
Film/TV/Media
The Dark Manifold (Dungeons & Dragons 5E) 3 hours 6:00 PM  -  9:00 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Moderator Matt Yancik
Gaming
6:30 PM
6:30 PM
Reading: Daniel Dern 25 minutes 6:30 PM  -  6:55 PM  |  Independence
Participant Daniel P. Dern
Reading
Reading: Martha Wells 25 minutes 6:30 PM  -  6:55 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Martha Wells
Reading
7:00 PM
7:00 PM
Reading: Matthew Warner 25 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:25 PM  |  Independence
Participant Matthew Warner (Deena Warner Design LLC)
Reading
Reading: Theodora Goss 25 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:25 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Theodora Goss
Reading
Hal Clement Science Speaker Interview Featuring Jon Singer 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Harbor I
Participant Jon Singer | Participant Geri Sullivan (Boskone 58)
Interview
Jon SingerGuestScience & Technology
Kaffeeklatsch: Julie C. Day & Erin Roberts 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Galleria - Kaffeeklatsch 1
Participant Julie C. Day | Participant Erin Roberts
Kaffeeklatsch
Kaffeeklatsch: Tui Sutherland 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Galleria - Kaffeeklatsch 2
Participant Tui Sutherland
Kaffeeklatsch
A Historical View: From the Printing Press to Online Publishing 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Participant Sarah Smith | Moderator Grady Hendrix | Participant Kim Stanley Robinson | Participant Ellen Asher
Panel
GuestScience & TechnologyKim Stanley RobinsonBusiness of WritingLiterature
Hugo Award Recommendations (Dramatic) 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Marina 1
Moderator Bob Devney | Participant Daniel Kimmel (PURE CORE PERSONAL TRAINING) | Participant Dan Moren | Participant Vincent Docherty
Panel
Media/Film/TVFandomBusiness of Writing
Gems of the NESFA Hymnals: Group Singing 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Lewis
Participant Erwin S (Filthy Pierre) Strauss (n/a)
Filk / Music
Filk
Living With Disability in a Speculative World 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Marina 2
Moderator Sara Codair (https://saracodair.com/) | Participant Teresa Nielsen Hayden (Tor Books) | Participant Jack Haringa (Worcester Academy) | Participant Gillian Daniels
Panel
Social IssuesWritingLiterature
Creating Great Cover Art 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Participant Cat Scully (The Deep End Games) | Moderator Deena Warner (Deena Warner Design) | Participant Reiko Murakami | Participant Jim Burns | Participant Alan F. Beck
Panel
ArtBusiness of WritingJim BurnsGuest
Meet Up: The State of Black Science Fiction Facebook Group 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Galleria - Meetup Spot
Participant Gerald L. Coleman
Discussion Group
FandomWritingMeet Up
Voice Acting 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Marina 4
Participant Robert Kuhn (BK Voice) | Moderator Kenneth Schneyer (Johnson & Wales University) | Participant C. S. E. Cooney
Panel
Business of WritingTheater
Painting the Sistine Chapel (on the bottom of a table) 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Participant Persis Thorndike (Westat)
Children - DragonsLair
ChildrenArt
Realistic Artificial Intelligence 50 minutes 7:00 PM  -  7:50 PM  |  Marina 3
Moderator Laurence Raphael Brothers | Participant Jeff Keller | Participant Brianna Wu | Participant Pete Hollmer | Participant Mike Squatrito (Association of Rhode Island Authors)
Panel
Science & Technology
7:30 PM
7:30 PM
Reading: Nicole Kurtz 25 minutes 7:30 PM  -  7:55 PM  |  Independence
Participant Nicole Givens Kurtz (Mocha Memoirs Press)
Reading
Reading: Cadwell Turrnbull 25 minutes 7:30 PM  -  7:55 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Cadwell Turnbull
Reading
Video Games 101 25 minutes 7:30 PM  -  7:55 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Moderator Bill Todd
Gaming
Gaming
7:45 PM
7:45 PM
Robot Carnival 1 hour 29 minutes 7:45 PM  -  9:14 PM  |  Carlton
Film/TV/Media
8:00 PM
8:00 PM
Reading: Debra Doyle and James Macdonald 25 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:25 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Debra Doyle | Participant James D. Macdonald
Reading
Reading: Daniel M. Kimmel 25 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:25 PM  |  Independence
Participant Daniel Kimmel (PURE CORE PERSONAL TRAINING)
Reading
Name That Tune: What’s Next? 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Marina 1
Participant Denise A. Gendron | Participant Tim Szczesuil (Boskone) | Participant Vincent Docherty
Filk / Music
FilkGame Show
Great Gamemasters as Storytellers 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Marina 2
Moderator Trisha J. Wooldridge | Participant Christopher Irvin | Participant Melissa Caruso | Participant Auston Habershaw | Participant Gregory Wilson
Panel
GamingWritingLiterature
1960s Speculative Fiction 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Participant Ginjer Buchanan | Participant John Kessel (North Carolina State University) | Participant Darrell Schweitzer | Participant Jeffrey A. Carver | Moderator James Patrick Kelly (writer)
Panel
Science FictionFantasyLiterature
The Death of Sherlock Holmes 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Marina 4
Participant Dana Cameron | Moderator Kenneth Schneyer (Johnson & Wales University) | Participant Max Gladstone | Participant Jim Mann
Panel
LiteratureMedia/Film/TVCrime/Mystery
Adam Stemple and Brimstone Rhine Present: Distant Stars and Irish Bars 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Lewis
Participant Adam Stemple | Participant Faye Ringel | Participant C. S. E. Cooney | Participant Carlos Hernandez
Concert
Filk
The Allure of Horror 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Marina 3
Participant Tonia Ransom (NIGHTLIGHT Podcast) | Moderator Jack Haringa (Worcester Academy) | Participant F. Brett Cox (Norwich University) | Participant Grady Hendrix | Participant Paul Tremblay
Panel
HorrorLiterature
Origami 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Galleria - Dragonslair
Children - DragonsLair
Children
Climate as Character 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  8:50 PM  |  Harbor II
Moderator Robert V.S. Redick | Participant Cameron Roberson (Kaleidiocast.nyc) | Participant LJ Cohen | Participant Tom Easton | Participant Melanie Meadors
Panel
Science & TechnologyScience FictionFantasySocial Issues
DC Universe (card game) 1 hour 50 minutes 8:00 PM  -  9:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
Gaming
8:30 PM
8:30 PM
Reading: Karl Schroeder 25 minutes 8:30 PM  -  8:55 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Karl Schroeder
Reading
Reading: Zenna Henderson by Patricia Lang 25 minutes 8:30 PM  -  8:55 PM  |  Independence
Participant Patricia Morgan Lang (NESFA Press)
Reading
9:00 PM
9:00 PM
Opening Ceremony: Meet the Guests 15 minutes 9:00 PM  -  9:15 PM  |  Galleria - Art Show
Other Participant Erin Underwood (Boskone 58) | Moderator David G. Grubbs | Participant Holly Black | Other Participant Patrick Nielsen Hayden (Tor Books) | Moderator Rick Kovalcik | Participant Jim Burns | Participant Eric Coleman (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Lizzie Crowe (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Kim Stanley Robinson | Participant Susan Weiner (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Eric Wilkerson | Participant Jon Singer
Event
Kim Stanley RobinsonJon SingerEric WilkersonJim BurnsSusan WeinerEric ColemanLizzie CroweHolly BlackBoskoneGuestEvent
Reading: Allen M. Steele 25 minutes 9:00 PM  -  9:25 PM  |  Griffin
Participant Allen M. Steele
Reading
Trivia for Chocolate 50 minutes 9:00 PM  -  9:50 PM  |  Marina 1
Participant Priscilla Olson | Participant Mark Olson | Participant Jim Mann
Game Show
FandomGame Show
Your Generation Ship Has Landed! Now What? 50 minutes 9:00 PM  -  9:50 PM  |  Burroughs
Participant Karl Schroeder | Participant LJ Cohen | Moderator Jeffrey A. Carver | Participant Karen Heuler
Panel
Science FictionScience & Technology
Mars Song Circle 50 minutes 9:00 PM  -  9:50 PM  |  Lewis
Participant Batya "The Toon" Wittenberg | Participant Merav Hoffman | Participant Benjamin Newman
Filk / Music
Filk
NESFA Writes 1 hour 50 minutes 9:00 PM  -  10:50 PM  |  Independence
Participant Louis Galvez (NESFA)
Workshop
Writing
9:15 PM
9:15 PM
The Twilight Zone: Nightmare at 20,000 Feet 29 minutes 9:15 PM  -  9:44 PM  |  Carlton
Film/TV/Media
Boskone 57 Reception 1 hour 45 minutes 9:15 PM  -  11:00 PM  |  Galleria - Art Show
Other Participant Gay Ellen Dennett (Needham Free Public Library) | Moderator David G. Grubbs | Participant Holly Black | Moderator Rick Kovalcik | Participant Jim Burns | Other Participant Patrick Nielsen Hayden (Tor Books) | Participant Eric Coleman (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Lizzie Crowe (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Kim Stanley Robinson | Participant Jon Singer | Participant Susan Weiner (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Eric Wilkerson
Event
Kim Stanley RobinsonEric WilkersonJim BurnsJon SingerEric ColemanLizzie CroweSusan WeinerHolly BlackEventGuestBoskone
9:30 PM
9:30 PM
Reading: John Kessel 25 minutes 9:30 PM  -  9:55 PM  |  Griffin
Participant John Kessel (North Carolina State University)
Reading
The Silver Shade: Help from the Shadows [Play] 50 minutes 9:30 PM  -  10:20 PM  |  Harbor I
Participant Sarah Parisi Boci | Other Participant Tim Szczesuil (Boskone) | Participant Catherine Bromberg | Participant Hillel Bromberg | Participant Chris DeKalb | Participant Michael McAfee | Participant Rob Noyes | Participant Jennifer Pelland | Participant Paul Springer | Participant Naomi Hinchen
Event
EventTheater
9:45 PM
9:45 PM
Battle Beyond the Stars 1 hour 44 minutes 9:45 PM  -  11:29 PM  |  Carlton
Film/TV/Media
10:00 PM
10:00 PM
Bawdy Songs Song Circle 50 minutes 10:00 PM  -  10:50 PM  |  Lewis
Other Participant Edward Stauff (St. Paul's Episcopal Church) | Participant Mary Ellen Wessels | Participant Lizzie Crowe (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Emily Lewis | Participant Batya "The Toon" Wittenberg
Filk / Music
Lizzie CroweFilkGuest
Puerto Rico 1 hour 50 minutes 10:00 PM  -  11:50 PM  |  Harbor III - Gaming
Gaming
Gaming
11:00 PM
11:00 PM
Friday Late Night Filk & Open Singing 4 hours 11:00 PM  -  3:00 AM  |  Lewis
Participant Merav Hoffman | Participant Lizzie Crowe (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Eric Coleman (Cheshire Moon) | Participant Susan Weiner (Cheshire Moon)
Filk / Music
Lizzie CroweFilkGuest